tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47367412550662157842024-03-14T14:25:17.163+05:30Trick4linuxA Weblog on essential concept of linux Networking & Administration.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4736741255066215784.post-16900882082972771552011-03-22T21:03:00.000+05:302011-03-22T21:03:33.587+05:30How to Secure Your Wireless Home Network<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">This article describes how you can secure your Wireless Network from hackers and you'll also learn about free tools that people generally use to intercept your Wi-Fi signals.<br />
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Wireless networks (wi-fi)Wireless Networking (Wi-Fi) has made it so easy for you to use the computer, portable media player, mobile phones, video game consoles, and other wireless devices anywhere in the house without the clutter of cables.<br />
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With traditional wired networks, it is extremely difficult for someone to steal your bandwidth but the big problem with wireless signals is that others can access the Internet using your broadband connection even while they are in a neighboring building or sitting in a car that's parked outside your apartment.<br />
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This practice, also known as piggybacking, is bad for three reasons:<br />
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It will increase your monthly Internet bill especially when you have to pay per byte of data transfer.<br />
It will decrease your Internet access speed since you are now sharing the same internet connection with other users.<br />
It can create a security hazard* as others may hack your computers and access your personal files through your own wireless network.<br />
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[*] What do the bad guys use - There have been quite a few instances where innocent Internet users have been arrested for sending hate emails when in reality, their email accounts where hacked though the unsecured Wi-Fi networks that they had at home. Wireshark is a free packet sniffing tool for Linux, Mac and Windows that can scan traffic flowing though a wireless network including cookies, forms and other HTTP requests.<br />
How to Secure Your Wireless Network<br />
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The good news is that it is not very hard to make your wireless network secure, which will both prevent others from stealing your internet and will also prevent hackers from taking control of your computers through your own wireless network.<br />
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Here a few simple things that you should to secure your wireless network:<br />
Step 1. Open your router settings page<br />
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First, you need to know how to access your wireless router’s settings. Usually you can do this by typing in “192.168.1.1” into your web browser, and then enter the correct user name and password for the router. This is different for each router, so first check your router’s user manual.<br />
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You can also use Google to find the manuals for most routers online in case you lost the printed manual that came with your router purchase. For your reference, here are direct links to the manufacturer's site of some popular router brands - Linksys, Cisco, Netgear, Apple AirPort, SMC, D-Link, Buffalo, TP-LINK, 3Com, Belkin.<br />
Step 2. Create a unique password on your router<br />
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Once you have logged into your router, the first thing you should do to secure your network is to change the default password* of the router to something more secure.<br />
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This will prevent others from accessing the router and you can easily maintain the security settings that you want. You can change the password from the Administration settings on your router’s settings page. The default values are generally admin / password.<br />
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[*] What do the bad guys use - This is a public database of default usernames and passwords of wireless routers, modems, switches and other networking equipment. For instance, anyone can easily make out from the database that the factory-default settings for Linksys equipment can be accessed by using admin for both username and password fields.<br />
Step 3. Change your Network’s SSID name<br />
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The SSID (or Wireless Network Name) of your Wireless Router is usually pre-defined as "default" or is set as the brand name of the router (e.g., linksys). Although this will not make your network inherently* more secure, changing the SSID name of your network is a good idea as it will make it more obvious for others to know which network they are connecting to.<br />
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This setting is usually under the basic wireless settings in your router’s settings page. Once this is set, you will always be sure that you are connecting to the correct Wireless network even if there are multiple wireless networks in your area. Don't use your name, home address or other personal information in the SSID name.<br />
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[*] What do the bad guys use - Wi-Fi scanning tools like inSSIDer (Windows) and Kismet (Mac, Linux) are free and they will allow anyone to find all the available Wireless Networks in an area even if the routers are not broadcasting their SSID name.<br />
Step 4. Enable Network Encryption<br />
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In order to prevent other computers in the area from using your internet connection, you need to encrypt your wireless signals.<br />
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There are several encryption methods for wireless settings, including WEP, WPA (WPA-Personal), and WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access version 2). WEP is basic encryption and therefore least secure (i.e., it can be easily cracked*, but is compatible with a wide range of devices including older hardware, whereas WPA2 is the most secure but is only compatible with hardware manufactured since 2006.<br />
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To enable encryption on your Wireless network, open the wireless security settings on your router’s configuration page. This will usually let you select which security method you wish to choose; if you have older devices, choose WEP, otherwise go with WPA2. Enter a passphrase to access the network; make sure to set this to something that would be difficult for others to guess, and consider using a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters in the passphrase.<br />
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[*] What do the bad guys use - AirCrack and coWPAtty are some free tools that allow even non-hackers to crack the WEP / WPA (PSK) keys using dictionary or brute force techniques. A video on YouTube suggests that AirCrack may be easily used to break WiFi encryption using a jail-broken iPhone or an iPod Touch.<br />
Step 5. Filter MAC addresses<br />
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Whether you have a laptop or a Wi-Fi enabled mobile phone, all your wireless devices have a unique MAC address (this has nothing to do with an Apple Mac) just like every computer connected to the Internet has a unique IP address. For an added layer of protection, you can add the MAC addresses of all your devices to your wireless router’s settings so that only the specified devices can connect to your Wi-Fi network.<br />
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MAC addresses are hard-coded into your networking equipment, so one address will only let that one device on the network. It is, unfortunately, possible to spoof a MAC address*, but an attacker must first know one of the MAC addresses of the computers that are connected to your Wireless network before he can attempt spoofing.<br />
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To enable MAC address filtering, first make a list of all your hardware devices that you want to connect to your wireless network**. Find their MAC addresses, and then add them to the MAC address filtering in your router’s administrative settings. You can find the MAC address for your computers by opening Command Prompt and typing in “ipconfig /all”, which will show your MAC address beside the name “Physical Address”. You can find the MAC addresses of Wireless mobile phones and other portable devices under their network settings, though this will vary for each device.<br />
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[*] What do the bad guys use - Someone can change the MAC address of his or her own computer and can easily connect to your network since your network allows connection from devices that have that particular MAC address. Anyone can determine the MAC address of your device wireless using a sniffing tool like Nmap and he can then change the MAC address of his own computer using another free tool like MAC Shift.<br />
Step 6. Reduce the Range of the Wireless Signal<br />
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If your wireless router has a high range but you are staying in a small studio apartment, you can consider decreasing the signal range by either changing the mode of your router to 802.11g (instead of 802.11n or 802.11b) or use a different wireless channel.<br />
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You can also try placing the router under the bed, inside a shoe box or wrap a foil around the router antennas so that you can somewhat restrict the direction of signals.<br />
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Apply the Anti-Wi-Fi Paint - Researchers have developed a special Wi-Fi blocking paint that can help you stop neighbors from accessing your home network without you having to set up encryption at the router level. The paint contains chemicals that blocks radio signals by absorbing them. "By coating an entire room, Wi-Fi signals can't get in and, crucially, can't get out."<br />
Step 7. Upgrade your Router's firmware<br />
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You should check the manufacturer's site occasionally to make sure that your router is running the latest firmware. You can find the existing firmware version of your router using from the router's dashboard at 192.168.*.<br />
Connect to your Secure Wireless Network<br />
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To conclude, MAC Address filtering with WPA2 (AES) encryption (and a really complex passphrase) is probably the best way to secure your wireless network.<br />
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Once you have enabled the various security settings in your wireless router, you need to add the new settings to your computers and other wireless devices so that they all can connect to the Wi-Fi network. You can select to have your computer automatically connect to this network, so you won’t have to enter the SSID, passphrase and other information every time you connect to the Internet.<br />
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Your wireless network will now be a lot more secure and intruders may have a tough time intercepting your Wi-Fi signals.<br />
Who is Connected to your Wireless Network<br />
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If you are worried that an outsider may be connecting to the Internet using your Wireless network, try AirSnare - it's a free utility that will look for unexpected MAC addresses on your Wireless network as well as to DHCP requests. Another option is that you open your router's administration page (using the 192.168.* address) and look for the DHCP Clients Table (it's under Status > Local Network on Linksys routers). Here you will see a list of all computers and wireless devices that are connected to your home network.<br />
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*It is also a good idea to turn off the router completely when you are not planning to use the computer for a longer period (like when you are out shopping). You save on electricity and the door remains 100% shut for wireless piggybackers.<br />
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**If you ever want to let a new device connect to your network, you will have to find its MAC address and add it to your router. If you simple want to let a friend connect to your wireless network one time, you can remove his MAC address from the router settings when he or she leaves your place.</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4736741255066215784.post-30538497633836568582011-01-18T02:54:00.012+05:302011-02-21T10:24:13.198+05:30Configuring a Samba Server<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">The default configuration file (/etc/samba/smb.conf) allows users to view their home directories as a Samba share. It also shares all printers configured for the system as Samba shared printers. In other words, you can attach a printer to the system and print to it from the Windows machines on your network<br />
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<div style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="font-size: large;">Graphical Configuration</span></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
To configure Samba using a graphical interface, use the <b class="application">Samba Server Configuration Tool</b>. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
The <b class="application">Samba Server Configuration Tool</b> is a graphical interface for managing <nobr style="color: black;"><span class="tfTextLink" id="tfTextLink04330408054758361" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 22, 22); cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; position: relative; width: auto;">Samba shares</span></nobr>, users, and basic server settings. It modifies the configuration files in the <span class="filename">/etc/samba/</span> directory. Any changes to these files not made using the application are preserved.</div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
To use this application, you must be running the X Window System, have root privileges, and have the <span class="filename">system-config-samba</span> RPM package <nobr style="color: black;"><span class="tfTextLink" id="tfTextLink06822672710798561" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(153, 22, 22); cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; position: relative; width: auto;">installed</span></nobr>. To start the <b class="application">Samba Server Configuration Tool</b> from the desktop, go to the <b class="guimenu">System</b> (on the Panel) => <b class="guimenuitem">Administration</b> => <b class="guimenuitem">Server Settings</b> => <b class="guimenuitem">Samba</b> or type the command <span class="command">system-config-samba</span> at a shell prompt (for example, in an XTerm or a GNOME terminal). </div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGE6AfQSDz-YBNPLzkHv74eCxLPGawxt9qoBsVUKzeDOldObTQ3NfF1OmdohGAgEp0wtUmXpQbX8bnYb-U_C5tH6yWCmboyDjKFw7Ofg5A5xW1qrkR1IlVMAE5HtaaXMZ1lS-In_IaaF8/s1600/s-c-samba.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGE6AfQSDz-YBNPLzkHv74eCxLPGawxt9qoBsVUKzeDOldObTQ3NfF1OmdohGAgEp0wtUmXpQbX8bnYb-U_C5tH6yWCmboyDjKFw7Ofg5A5xW1qrkR1IlVMAE5HtaaXMZ1lS-In_IaaF8/s1600/s-c-samba.png" /></a></div><div class="note"><h2 style="color: #6aa84f;">Note</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The <b class="application">Samba Server Configuration Tool</b> does not display shared printers or the default stanza that allows users to view their own home directories on the Samba server.</span><br />
</div><div style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Configuring Server Settings</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
The first step in configuring a Samba server is to configure the basic settings for the server and a few security options. After starting the application, select Preferences => Server Settings from the pulldown menu. The Basic tab is displayed as shown.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtA0XztW4m79GGCgP7D5Ay1GnMTT6EkGWY-rXuhGG48LkhBykKesHtv5n17qvCusB4y6swm10HrgvssWsWhxCOVxLHddgEaJ-19fa0d-sjmBvUvXczqq5xrWDbcdJbQfQt_o_EIMfpxBQ/s1600/s-c-samba-basic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtA0XztW4m79GGCgP7D5Ay1GnMTT6EkGWY-rXuhGG48LkhBykKesHtv5n17qvCusB4y6swm10HrgvssWsWhxCOVxLHddgEaJ-19fa0d-sjmBvUvXczqq5xrWDbcdJbQfQt_o_EIMfpxBQ/s1600/s-c-samba-basic.png" /></a></div><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">On the Basic tab, specify which workgroup the computer should be in as well as a brief description of the computer. They correspond to the workgroup and server string options in smb.conf. </div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiEG1pYp-o5HUsRQYA4zQPGGbAtZdY4f_F5ZeFCnM_ocwEDA04eAvJjmwtrvU7URVovp5hNI0JumHhfyoWj7Yh41I7mVEp53v_iod1Fv6tL1Fx9ZTZ7b1rOaoqN_8bDghGly2CwDkYgX4/s1600/s-c-samba-security.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiEG1pYp-o5HUsRQYA4zQPGGbAtZdY4f_F5ZeFCnM_ocwEDA04eAvJjmwtrvU7URVovp5hNI0JumHhfyoWj7Yh41I7mVEp53v_iod1Fv6tL1Fx9ZTZ7b1rOaoqN_8bDghGly2CwDkYgX4/s320/s-c-samba-security.png" width="320" /></a></div></div><div class="note" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
The Security tab contains the following options:<br />
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Authentication Mode — This corresponds to the security option. Select one of the following types of authentication.<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">ADS — The Samba server acts as a domain member in an Active Directory Domain (ADS) realm. For this option, Kerberos must be installed and configured on the server, and Samba must become a member of the ADS realm using the net utility, which is part of the samba-client package. Refer to the net man page for details. This option does not configure Samba to be an ADS Controller. Specify the realm of the Kerberos server in the Kerberos Realm field.</div> </div><div class="note" style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Note</span></b></div><div class="note"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The Kerberos Realm field must be supplied in all uppercase letters, such as EXAMPLE.COM.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Using a Samba server as a domain member in an ADS realm assumes proper configuration of Kerberos, including the /etc/krb5.conf file.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="color: #b45f06;">Domain</b> — The Samba server relies on a Windows NT Primary or Backup Domain Controller to verify the user. The server passes the username and password to the Controller and waits for it to return. Specify the NetBIOS name of the Primary or Backup Domain Controller in the Authentication Server field.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> The Encrypted Passwords option must be set to Yes if this is selected.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> <b style="color: #b45f06;">Server</b> — The Samba server tries to verify the username and password combination by passing them to another Samba server. If it can not, the server tries to verify using the user authentication mode. Specify the NetBIOS name of the other Samba server in the Authentication Server field.</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="color: #b45f06;">Share</b> — Samba users do not have to enter a username and password combination on a per Samba server basis. They are not prompted for a username and password until they try to connect to a specific shared directory from a Samba server.</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="color: #b45f06;">User</b> — (Default) Samba users must provide a valid username and password on a per Samba server basis. Select this option if you want the Windows Username option to work. Refer to Section 19.4.1.2, “Managing Samba Users” for details.</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="color: #b45f06;">Encrypt Passwords</b> — This option must be enabled if the clients are connecting from a system with Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 3, or other more recent versions of Microsoft Windows. The passwords are transfered between the server and the client in an encrypted format instead of as a plain-text word that can be intercepted. This corresponds to the encrypted passwords option. Refer to Section 19.4.3, “Encrypted Passwords” for more information about encrypted Samba passwords.</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="color: #b45f06;">Guest Account</b> — When users or guest users log into a Samba server, they must be mapped to a valid user on the server. Select one of the existing usernames on the system to be the guest Samba account. When guests log in to the Samba server, they have the same privileges as this user. This corresponds to the guest account option.</span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">After clicking OK, the changes are written to the configuration file and the daemon is restarted; thus, the changes take effect immediately</span><br />
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<div style="color: #674ea7;"><span style="font-size: large;">Managing Samba Users</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The Samba Server Configuration Tool requires that an existing user account be active on the system acting as the Samba server before a Samba user can be added. The Samba user is associated with the existing user account.</div><h4 class="title" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"> </h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJjIBia4CYUWNb7o2tyDzofA68b_Kjgj3_5p8ESWREJ5hFHTLlLuVXKxyStaOj4y5Ss-n5qillySLRYKczQeM30ZWK5H182XDZ8JcdXua_QeWIHF3V4j-Bbpw7P69CPbaO7Qqz2Bo1b9Q/s1600/s-c-samba-users.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJjIBia4CYUWNb7o2tyDzofA68b_Kjgj3_5p8ESWREJ5hFHTLlLuVXKxyStaOj4y5Ss-n5qillySLRYKczQeM30ZWK5H182XDZ8JcdXua_QeWIHF3V4j-Bbpw7P69CPbaO7Qqz2Bo1b9Q/s320/s-c-samba-users.png" width="320" /></a></div><h4 class="title" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"> </h4><h4 class="title" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">To add a Samba user, select Preferences => Samba Users from the pulldown menu, and click the Add User button. In the Create New Samba User window select a Unix Username from the list of existing users on the local system.<br />
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If the user has a different username on a Windows machine and needs to log into the Samba server from the Windows machine, specify that Windows username in the Windows Username field. The Authentication Mode on the Security tab of the Server Settings preferences must be set to User for this option to work.</h4><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Also, configure a Samba Password for the Samba User and confirm it by typing it again. Even if you opt to use encrypted passwords for Samba, it is recommended that the Samba passwords for all users are different from their system passwords.</span></div><h4 class="title" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">To edit an existing user, select the user from the list, and click Edit User. To delete an existing Samba user, select the user, and click the Delete User button. Deleting a Samba user does not delete the associated system user account.<br />
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The users are modified immediately after clicking the OK button.</h4><h4 class="title" style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Adding a Share</span></h4><h4 class="title" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">To create a Samba share, click the <span class="guibutton">Add</span> button from the main Samba configuration window. </h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNPZShCIa1NK6NnSX-gqlzgElaE0pRyVHHVnYHT6QcOCtMdPxGqgzkwR6ofWKDm8dwpPdB2FqW5tT5yGs0XAEFndyaxDKjIWA2WFaSbvTyyzIo7a65t0IOav6gwjhQ8o0iDY3foCYNI6c/s1600/s-c-samba-create-share.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNPZShCIa1NK6NnSX-gqlzgElaE0pRyVHHVnYHT6QcOCtMdPxGqgzkwR6ofWKDm8dwpPdB2FqW5tT5yGs0XAEFndyaxDKjIWA2WFaSbvTyyzIo7a65t0IOav6gwjhQ8o0iDY3foCYNI6c/s320/s-c-samba-create-share.png" width="320" /></a></div><h4 class="title"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">The Basic tab configures the following options:</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span></h4><h4 class="title"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Directory</span> — The directory to share via Samba. The directory must exist before it can be entered here.<span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span></h4><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Share name</span> — The actual name of the share that is seen from remote machines. By default, it is the same value as Directory, but can be configured.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Descriptions</span> — A brief description of the share.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Writable </span>— Enables users to read and write to the shared directory</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Visible</span> — Grants read-only rights to users for the shared directory.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">On the Access tab, select whether to allow only specified users to access the share or whether to allow all Samba users to access the share. If you select to allow access to specific users, select the users from the list of available Samba users.</span></div><h4 class="title"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">The share is added immediately after clicking OK. </span></h4><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;"></span></b> <b><span style="color: #e69138;"> </span></b></div><h4 class="title"></h4></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4736741255066215784.post-87651590764870497882011-01-04T06:30:00.016+05:302011-01-07T17:22:41.999+05:30Install Squid Proxy Server on CentOS / Redhat enterprise Linux 5<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Download and Install The Squid Package in your server. Most RedHat and Fedora Linux software product packages are available in the RPM format, whereas Debian and Ubuntu Linux use DEB format installation files. When searching for these packages remember that the filename usually starts with the software package name and is followed by a version number, as in squid-3.1.9-3.fc14.i686.rpm.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbk9L_8R-tAW2OxtogQw5FtvchPhPa8YZ9USdBW_omYD0K25Sw56ngx8J3VNX1PPmEDJiaefEUgunNKOLXF5G_5dhXT-3elFUtFW9fc36zSxEupgjdCBhIa-20Cd753qbDm1aTiqY40Ug/s1600/proxy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbk9L_8R-tAW2OxtogQw5FtvchPhPa8YZ9USdBW_omYD0K25Sw56ngx8J3VNX1PPmEDJiaefEUgunNKOLXF5G_5dhXT-3elFUtFW9fc36zSxEupgjdCBhIa-20Cd753qbDm1aTiqY40Ug/s400/proxy.jpg" width="387" /></a></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u><b>Starting Squid</b></u></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The methodologies vary depending on the variant of Linux you are using as you’ll see next.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.google.com/friendconnect/signin/home?st=e%3DAOG8GaCJKlywjZF5EkZIqkWF8ZfaZ4I3xaTDpSoJiZ%252FxiVraddK4QpLDR6K%252B4N1pDYZCus5kzZQFMETI%252Bn%252BYtE%252FzGaU%252B9myTaikjvkVzPbHhtbbmI43wXAlS8ok%252FTboTtIvedex0Q4sIPvvPuS%252B9u76oioo2ecScAjO4%252FbuQYbM%252BfpY9VFQaIrZNm6Emrq1E5JYfSukCQWU6eqJYzpE2zBJDGezQpioflRm4rkenfJPv2Ht9rhKk4KQ%253D%26c%3Dpeoplesense&psinvite=&subscribeOnSignin=1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt9ycV5oCzCBMvCRnSzOhz30SP8037uCRqJSqMLg4qDtuD6yjYRCekLuXutlrNFs8-Ux3NpA25cmczzXFKYmKqDd4erm4G9n_Rgm1VZ4QLqX8Pl2FLJ20fEMunQ-ot4q9kbKKDlBZCEOU/s1600/ban.jpg" /></a></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u><b>Fedora / CentOS / RedHat</b></u></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">With these flavors of Linux you can use the chkconfig command to get squid configured to start at boot:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">[root@bigboy tmp]# chkconfig squid on</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">To start, stop, and restart squid after booting use the service command:</div><div style="color: #bf9000; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">[root@bigboy tmp]# service squid start</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">[root@bigboy tmp]# service squid stop</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">[root@bigboy tmp]# service squid restart</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">To determine whether squid is running you can issue either of these two commands. The first will give a status message. The second will return the process ID numbers of the squid daemons.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">[root@bigboy tmp]# service squid status</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">[root@bigboy tmp]# pgrep spam</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Note: Remember to run the chkconfig command at least once to ensure squid starts automatically on your next reboot.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u><b>Ubuntu / Debian</b></u></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">With these flavors of Linux the commands are different. Try installing the sysv-rc-conf and sysvinit-utils DEB packages as they provide commands that simplify the process. For help on downloading and installing the packages, see Chapter 6, "Installing Linux Software".) You can use the sysv-rc-conf command to get squid configured to start at boot:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">user@ubuntu:~$ sudo sysv-rc-conf squid on</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">To start, stop, and restart squid after booting the service command is the same:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">user@ubuntu:~$ sudo service squid start</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">user@ubuntu:~$ sudo service squid stop</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">user@ubuntu:~$ sudo service squid restart</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">To determine whether squid is running you can issue either of these two commands. The first will give a status message. The second will return the process ID numbers of the squid daemons.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">user@ubuntu:~$ sudo service squid status</div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">user@ubuntu:~$ pgrep squid</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>Note</b></u>: Remember to run the sysv-rc-conf command at least once to ensure squid starts automatically on your next reboot.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Squid Configuration Files</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You can define most of Squid’s configuration parameters in the squid.conf file which may be located in either the /etc or /etc/squid directory depending on your version of Linux.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Remember to restart Squid after you make any changes to your configuration files. This is the only way to activate the new settings.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Configuring Squid Proxies</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Squid offers many options to manage the access to the web for security, legal, resource utilization reasons. We’ll cover a few of these in the sections that follow.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Access Control Lists</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You can limit users' ability to browse the Internet with access control lists (ACLs). Each ACL line defines a particular type of activity, such as an access time or source network, they are then linked to an http_access statement that tells Squid whether or not to deny or allow traffic that matches the ACL.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Squid matches each Web access request it receives by checking the http_access list from top to bottom. If it finds a match, it enforces the allow or deny statement and stops reading further. You have to be careful not to place a deny statement in the list that blocks a similar allow statement below it. The final http_access statement denies everything, so it is best to place new http_access statements above it</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>Note</b></u>: The very last http_access statement in the squid.conf file denies all access. You therefore have to add your specific permit statements above this line. In the chapter's examples, I've suggested that you place your statements at the top of the http_access list for the sake of manageability, but you can put them anywhere in the section above that last line.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Squid has a minimum required set of ACL statements in the ACCESS_CONTROL section of the squid.conf file. It is best to put new customized entries right after this list to make the file easier to read.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Restricting Web Access By Time</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You can create access control lists with time parameters. For example, you can allow only business hour access from the home network, while always restricting access to host 192.168.1.23.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">acl home_network src 192.168.1.0/24</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">acl business_hours time M T W H F 9:00-17:00</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">acl RestrictedHost src 192.168.1.23</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">http_access deny RestrictedHost</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">http_access allow home_network business_hours</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Or, you can allow morning access only:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">acl mornings time 08:00-12:00</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">http_access allow mornings</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Restricting Access to specific Web sites</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Squid is also capable of reading files containing lists of web sites and/or domains for use in ACLs. In this example we create to lists in files named /usr/local/etc/allowed-sites.squid and /usr/local/etc/restricted-sites.squid.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># File: /usr/local/etc/allowed-sites.squid</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">www.openfree.org</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">linuxhomenetworking.com</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># File: /usr/local/etc/restricted-sites.squid</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">www.porn.com</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">illegal.com</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">These can then be used to always block the restricted sites and permit the allowed sites during working hours. This can be illustrated by expanding our previous example slightly.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">acl home_network src 192.168.1.0/24</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">acl business_hours time M T W H F 9:00-17:00</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">acl GoodSites dstdomain "/usr/local/etc/allowed-sites.squid"</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">acl BadSites dstdomain "/usr/local/etc/restricted-sites.squid"</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">http_access deny BadSites</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">http_access allow home_network business_hours GoodSites</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Restricting Web Access By IP Address</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You can create an access control list that restricts Web access to users on certain networks. In this case, it's an ACL that defines a home network of 192.168.1.0.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">acl home_network src 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You also have to add a corresponding http_access statement that allows traffic that matches the ACL:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"># Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">#</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">http_access allow home_network</div><br />
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<object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8,0,0,0" width="530" height="90"> <param name="movie" value="http://www.readbud.com/images/728_90_banner.swf?clickTAG=http://www.readbud.com/?ref=5345500" /><param name="quality" value="high" /><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="http://www.readbud.com/images/728_90_banner.swf?clickTAG=http://www.readbud.com/?ref=5345500"
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allowScriptAccess="always" /> </object>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4736741255066215784.post-89294813171836405222010-10-30T09:04:00.007+05:302011-02-10T20:06:09.967+05:30Understanding UNIX / Linux file system<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3WgKlmXoEbjtp5gwHYYhchQjXa22qGRVI0_wiVYOr1GpIm2VMrDpVfU8WRJbsi1aa60uMIAjyCq75A34nP6fgb4aEfu1yfyfBBRFkW2aziY5BR8_2bqW2eE7DVCF85z7cuxvz2QlhDQ4/s1600/file-manager.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3WgKlmXoEbjtp5gwHYYhchQjXa22qGRVI0_wiVYOr1GpIm2VMrDpVfU8WRJbsi1aa60uMIAjyCq75A34nP6fgb4aEfu1yfyfBBRFkW2aziY5BR8_2bqW2eE7DVCF85z7cuxvz2QlhDQ4/s1600/file-manager.png" /></a>A conceptual understanding of file system, especially data structure and related terms will help you become a successful system administrator. I have seen many new Linux system administrator w/o any clue about file system. The conceptual knowledge can be applied to restore file system in an emergency situation.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.google.com/friendconnect/signin/home?st=e%3DAOG8GaA1a2XANjX56IqHO2ucRsZzXPO5W5y6%252BZiJNYMfGe9ps5MQo8kmNNO7kNeZ9aHogq%252BmLjfzmFEsXFUk%252BOM9MtslXkMs5UL39YBcQnqew9m98XJikJ9%252BycAH8PRVC1oRiXyAPdR9VYEcEro4vZ94unq3JJZYnwjAX3vyNBjrksEPA4G99ARRAnrO6kgly8y2eAXF3x1F6cElAjh0R2eVo%252BtqhwC%252FD2v6Fvhqw4ohBW3%252BGnKdWYs%253D%26c%3Dpeoplesense&psinvite=&subscribeOnSignin=1%20"><br />
</a><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></div><div style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;">What is a directory?</span></b> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Directory is group of files. Directory is divided into two types:<br />
</div><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Root directory - Strictly speaking, there is only one root directory in your system, which is denoted by / (forward slash). It is root of your entire file system and can not be renamed or deleted.</li>
<li>Sub directory - Directory under root (/) directory is subdirectory which can be created, renamed by the user.</li>
</ul><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Directories are used to organize your data files, programs more efficiently.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><h2 style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linux supports numerous file system types</span></h2><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Ext2: This is like UNIX file system. It has the concepts of blocks, inodes and directories. </li>
<li>Ext3: It is ext2 filesystem enhanced with journalling capabilities. Journalling allows fast file system recovery. Supports POSIX ACL (Access Control Lists). </li>
<li>Isofs (iso9660): Used by CDROM file system. </li>
<li>Sysfs: It is a ram-based filesystem initially based on ramfs. It is use to exporting kernel objects so that end user can use it easily.</li>
<li>Procfs: The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change certain kernel parameters at runtime using sysctl command. For example you can find out cpuinfo with following command:</li>
</ul><div style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><code># cat /proc/cpuinfo</code></div><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Or you can enable or disable routing/forwarding of IP packets between interfaces with following command:</li>
</ul><div style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><code># cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward<br />
# echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward<br />
# echo "0" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</code><br />
</div><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>NFS: Network file system allows many users or systems to share the same files by using a client/server methodology. NFS allows sharing all of the above file system.</li>
<li>Linux also supports Microsoft NTFS, vfat, and many other file systems. See Linux kernel source tree Documentation/filesystem directory for list of all supported filesystem. </li>
</ul><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You can find out what type of file systems currently mounted with mount command:<br />
<code style="color: #cc0000;">$ mount</code></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
OR<br />
<code style="color: #cc0000;">$ cat /proc/mounts</code></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><code></code><b style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: small;">Linux Directory Structure (File System Structure) Explained with Examples</span></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Have you wondered why certain programs are located under /bin, or /sbin, or /usr/bin, or /usr/sbin?</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">For example, less command is located under /usr/bin directory. Why not /bin, or /sbin, or /usr/sbin? What is the different between all these directories?</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">In this article, let us review the Linux filesystem structures and understand the meaning of individual high-level directories.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxE_XLrNCLHWrWbSjt5SiGHoEVV-yauTn_5_DQRJXLMUnKLPl8RcHSYNaMu00fgTumbQONnJP2EnV1zFVa9EwXsFCinKi7OGwQ4i7NJptPVHJkLZGiL5c4nDn40Zo5bOibDqAvdHNOevQ/s1600/filesystem-structure.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxE_XLrNCLHWrWbSjt5SiGHoEVV-yauTn_5_DQRJXLMUnKLPl8RcHSYNaMu00fgTumbQONnJP2EnV1zFVa9EwXsFCinKi7OGwQ4i7NJptPVHJkLZGiL5c4nDn40Zo5bOibDqAvdHNOevQ/s1600/filesystem-structure.png" /></a></div><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">1. / – Root</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Every single file and directory starts from the root directory.</li>
<li>Only root user has write privilege under this directory.</li>
<li>Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which is not same as /.</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">2. /bin – User Binaries</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Contains binary executables.</li>
<li>Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes are located under this directory.</li>
<li>Commands used by all the users of the system are located here.</li>
<li>For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">3. /sbin – System Binaries</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.</li>
<li>But, the linux commands located under this directory are used typically by system aministrator, for system maintenance purpose.</li>
<li>For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">4. /etc – Configuration Files</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Contains configuration files required by all programs.</li>
<li>This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used to start/stop individual programs.</li>
<li>For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">5. /dev – Device Files</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Contains device files.</li>
<li>These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached to the system.</li>
<li>For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">6. /proc – Process Information</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Contains information about system process.</li>
<li>This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about running process. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains information about the process with that particular pid.</li>
<li>This is a virtual filesystem with text information about system resources. For example: /proc/uptime</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">7. /var – Variable Files</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>var stands for variable files.</li>
<li>Content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory.</li>
<li>This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages and database files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues (/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed across reboots (/var/tmp);</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">8. /tmp – Temporary Files</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Directory that contains temporary files created by system and users.</li>
<li>Files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted.</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">9. /usr – User Programs</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-code for second level programs.</li>
<li>/usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’t find a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example: at, awk, cc, less, scp</li>
<li>/usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. If you can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin. For example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel</li>
<li>/usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin</li>
<li>/usr/local contains users programs that you install from source. For example, when you install apache from source, it goes under /usr/local/apache2</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">10. /home – Home Directories</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Home directories for all users to store their personal files.</li>
<li>For example: /home/john, /home/nikita</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">11. /boot – Boot Loader Files</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Contains boot loader related files.</li>
<li>Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located under /boot</li>
<li>For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic, vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">12. /lib – System Libraries</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Contains library files that supports the binaries located under /bin and /sbin</li>
<li>Library filenames are either ld* or lib*.so.*</li>
<li>For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">13. /opt – Optional add-on Applications</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>opt stands for optional.</li>
<li>Contains add-on applications from individual vendors.</li>
<li>add-on applications should be installed under either /opt/ or /opt/ sub-directory.</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">14. /mnt – Mount Directory </h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>Temporary mount directory where sysadmins can mount filesystems.</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">15. /media – Removable Media Devices </h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li> Temporary mount directory for removable devices.</li>
<li>For examples, /media/cdrom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppy drives; /media/cdrecorder for CD writer</li>
</ul><h3 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight: normal;">16. /srv – Service Data</h3><ul style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>srv stands for service.</li>
<li>Contains server specific services related data.</li>
<li>For example, /srv/cvs contains CVS related data.</li>
</ul></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4736741255066215784.post-69007707316559027972010-10-24T07:29:00.011+05:302011-01-03T07:43:29.927+05:30DHCP Server Configuration for Linux<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">This guide will help you setup a dhcp server to provide network configuration information to clients on the network. These instructions were written with Red Hat 5.x systems in mind but the basic concepts provided here can be applied to other distributions as well.</div><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Instructions</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. Download dhcp rpm package from Red Hat and install:</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # rpm -ivh dhcp-2.0pl5-8.i386.rpm</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. Open file /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd and edit the first line as follows:</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> DHCPDARGS=eth1</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Replace 'eth1' above with the network interface that you want to use for dhcp; this should be an internal network interface; denial of service attacks are possible if dhcp is running on an external interface.</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. Copy /usr/share/doc/dhcp-2.0pl5/dhcpd.conf.sample to /etc</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-2.0pl5/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcpd.conf</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> This sample file is a good starting point for our /etc/dhcpd.conf file, which by default is not installed. Alternatively, copy the file from a working server.</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. Edit /etc/dhcpd.conf to suit your needs. An example file is included below for reference:</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> #################file begin######################</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> subnet 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # --- default gateway</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> option routers 10.0.0.1;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # option nis-domain "mydomain.com";</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> option domain-name "mydomain.com";</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> option domain-name-servers 216.227.56.120, 64.34.4.36;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> option time-offset -28800; # Pacific Standard Time</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # option ntp-servers 192.168.1.1;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # option netbios-name-servers 192.168.1.1;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # --- Selects point-to-point node (default is hybrid). Don't change this unless</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # -- you understand Netbios very well</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # option netbios-node-type 2;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> range 10.0.0.50 10.0.0.254;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> default-lease-time 604800;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> max-lease-time 604800;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> host test {</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # option dhcp-client-identifier "test";</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> hardware ethernet 00:e0:18:90:28:b2;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> fixed-address 10.0.0.10;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> }</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # we want the nameserver to appear at a fixed address</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # host ns {</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # next-server marvin.redhat.com;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # hardware ethernet 12:34:56:78:AB:CD;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # fixed-address 207.175.42.254;</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # }</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> }</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ########################file end##########################</span></span></span></h4><h4><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuJgJS-Cdo_F7BOb6Ijwgu7aIgnZd44wPLtBFdRKuciIO2ONCicWUlRzhhVH_8CosvmfqT-Ew1qJH_lqeXWNlJcYQZN1esyRpVKv5gzwR7jufKU-ALKfRKu1-AXqlotmXGGgVOHBD_7eg/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuJgJS-Cdo_F7BOb6Ijwgu7aIgnZd44wPLtBFdRKuciIO2ONCicWUlRzhhVH_8CosvmfqT-Ew1qJH_lqeXWNlJcYQZN1esyRpVKv5gzwR7jufKU-ALKfRKu1-AXqlotmXGGgVOHBD_7eg/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #6aa84f;">Notes: specific settings always override global settings; in the above, the range 10.0.0.50 to 10.0.0.254 have been set side for dynamic hosts; this allows anything between 10.0.0.1 and </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">10.0.0.49 to be set aside as static ips. In the example, host 'test' is given a static ip using its mac address. The option 'dhcp-client-identifier' may work as an alternative to mac address, but may require some additional configuration on the client. The max lease time of 604800 translates to 7 days. Lease times are automatically renewed by clients once 50% of the expiration date is reached. Because of this, very long lease times should be unnecessary. If a very long one is required, provide the client a static ip using the host declaration. Also, the option time-offset setting is in seconds according to the manual page; Red Hat's configuration document erroneously lists this setting in hours. Use option host-name "apex.example.com" in a host declaration to provide hostnames to clients.</span></span></span></h4><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuJgJS-Cdo_F7BOb6Ijwgu7aIgnZd44wPLtBFdRKuciIO2ONCicWUlRzhhVH_8CosvmfqT-Ew1qJH_lqeXWNlJcYQZN1esyRpVKv5gzwR7jufKU-ALKfRKu1-AXqlotmXGGgVOHBD_7eg/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"></span></span></span></span></div><h4><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5. Check that the lease database has been created; the rpm should create this file automatically; if not, create the file:</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # touch /var/lib/dhcp/dhcpd.leases</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The lease database is recreated from time to time so that it is not too large. First, all known leases are saved in a temporary lease database. The dhcpd.leases file is renamed dhcpd.leases~, and the temporary lease database is written to dhcpd.leases.</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The DHCP daemon could be killed or the system could crash after the lease database has been renamed to the backup file but before the new file has been written. If this happens, there is no dhcpd.leases file that is required to start the service. Do not create a new lease file if this occurs. If you do, all the old leases will be lost and cause many problems. The correct solution is to rename the dhcpd.leases~ backup file to dhcpd.leases and then start the daemon.</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">6. Run 'setup' and check dhcpd to have it load at system boot</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">7. Start/restart the server</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> # service dhcpd start (restart)</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Changes to the file /etc/dhcpd.conf require the dhcp server to be restarted</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">8. Test to make sure it works.</span></span><br />
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<object width="525" height="418"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/xe4IXA9-bps?fs=1&hl=en_US&hd=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/xe4IXA9-bps?fs=1&hl=en_US&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="525" height="418"></embed></object>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4736741255066215784.post-21235423872869420842010-10-12T06:35:00.071+05:302010-10-23T16:57:48.600+05:30Red Hat Linux 5.0 Step by step Installation.<div style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><u>The Graphical Installation Program User Interface:</u></b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="background-color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwObc-dw-1iRCTItt3gqie2wQ397rqSTr2_tqmSQdnAcn00-y0g3Pt9bZ4ir8jNk8bjt9MJKD310RQnI6jZZhzSlPXP6mO3mNlX-AH_LvJH-bayqvG4AK7yIKWwBg-KNQNYEQ7DWXzdQs/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwObc-dw-1iRCTItt3gqie2wQ397rqSTr2_tqmSQdnAcn00-y0g3Pt9bZ4ir8jNk8bjt9MJKD310RQnI6jZZhzSlPXP6mO3mNlX-AH_LvJH-bayqvG4AK7yIKWwBg-KNQNYEQ7DWXzdQs/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" /></a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-size: large;">Note</span> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">To start the Graphical mode installation program, Enter the boot prompt: </span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqzd7psNSSDDU8DeufO9H3NZLcH6K1xJMdNJi6juSAiuervM9q3dLfZgnb3XHUYOHuHQUqEHa1rkqgQRXknG_3MVxw2k5fP0SXhniCNn1e0coAPpHwjxO9ie3nzldiSW3Mm36zDAogww/s1600/Red-Hat-Enterprise-Linux-5-5-Beta-Supports-New-Intel-Platforms-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqzd7psNSSDDU8DeufO9H3NZLcH6K1xJMdNJi6juSAiuervM9q3dLfZgnb3XHUYOHuHQUqEHa1rkqgQRXknG_3MVxw2k5fP0SXhniCNn1e0coAPpHwjxO9ie3nzldiSW3Mm36zDAogww/s400/Red-Hat-Enterprise-Linux-5-5-Beta-Supports-New-Intel-Platforms-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"> <span style="color: #cc0000;"> Boot prompt</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><u>Welcome to Red Hat Enterprise Linux:</u></span></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">The Welcome screen does not prompt you for any input. From this screen you can access the Release Notes for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.0 by clicking on the Release Notes button.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglXMosY3VAM-tuzsbAClbl29OBtg731-TWNVtC9TIUSunkMSf2VKj9Q61UpfW4vBqgboDs1GOaFVeviFEclpPdUNPMOZkJocwMYc66u_yHhvXPO4_G2SIlpii03r440Fq1pq_v8C9bG6o/s1600/Presentation1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglXMosY3VAM-tuzsbAClbl29OBtg731-TWNVtC9TIUSunkMSf2VKj9Q61UpfW4vBqgboDs1GOaFVeviFEclpPdUNPMOZkJocwMYc66u_yHhvXPO4_G2SIlpii03r440Fq1pq_v8C9bG6o/s400/Presentation1.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"><b><u>Language Selection </u></b></div><div style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: black;">Using your mouse, select a language to use for the installation (refer to Figure 4.8, “Language</span><br />
<div style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">Selection”).</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">The language you select here will become the default language for the operating system once it is</span><span style="color: black;"> installed. Selecting the appropriate language also helps target your time zone configuration later in</span><span style="color: black;"> the installation. The installation program tries to define the appropriate time zone based on what you</span><span style="color: black;"> specify on this screen.</span></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFQXd8b-uXLi41vmEdm0uY9s8tUNqb5TkB_9z9Sf5OG69C_m-VGOvjWaxZcVPbDx8JouZeTVBAkNuJ87lcFNHECrobviIoNROklZSpg9oCCIAGdjCZ-txKZ8jwwKQQB6X8qhSOyTxRhg/s1600/Presentati.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFQXd8b-uXLi41vmEdm0uY9s8tUNqb5TkB_9z9Sf5OG69C_m-VGOvjWaxZcVPbDx8JouZeTVBAkNuJ87lcFNHECrobviIoNROklZSpg9oCCIAGdjCZ-txKZ8jwwKQQB6X8qhSOyTxRhg/s400/Presentati.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">Once you select the appropriate language, click Next to continue.</span></div><br />
<div style="color: #3d85c6;"><u><b>Keyboard Configuration</b></u></div><div style="color: #3d85c6;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #3d85c6;"><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">Using your mouse, select the correct layout type (for example, U.S. English) for the keyboard you</span><span style="color: black;"> would prefer to use for the installation and as the system default (refer to the figure below).</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">Once you have made your selection, click Next to continue.</span></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs2sgfSjiX1SSXAJbTTeai00tUzQJLiJCXxiP9b6X35DVieSe6FyXV4HPYlHluOP6oANDj-ULFpDDIjt2wmlP5uVyT1y5d8G8OTREAi4ks7Vk-3uuSg6yh18YLbd6Fp-In_As1pkzifkw/s1600/01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs2sgfSjiX1SSXAJbTTeai00tUzQJLiJCXxiP9b6X35DVieSe6FyXV4HPYlHluOP6oANDj-ULFpDDIjt2wmlP5uVyT1y5d8G8OTREAi4ks7Vk-3uuSg6yh18YLbd6Fp-In_As1pkzifkw/s400/01.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwmp_dqqYhPIEXb4wnIM2TZHW03FsS1DgUPLE6Z4onEMvOX3fy5pXxfqDod-1cnph8bKqyksjqw2YiMXQFTM8rkyJ5RbG9PAPcq5I69u1nJ2QhV6cXAmmB7fIHbJtqWMMoXt1qB4wBiVg/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwmp_dqqYhPIEXb4wnIM2TZHW03FsS1DgUPLE6Z4onEMvOX3fy5pXxfqDod-1cnph8bKqyksjqw2YiMXQFTM8rkyJ5RbG9PAPcq5I69u1nJ2QhV6cXAmmB7fIHbJtqWMMoXt1qB4wBiVg/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" /></b></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-size: large;">Note</span> </span><br />
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">To change your keyboard layout type after you have completed the installation, use the Keyboard Configuration Tool. </span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Type the system-config-keyboard command in a shell prompt to launch the Keyboard Configuration Tool. If you are not root, it prompts you for the root password to continue. </span> </span><span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span></span></div><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>Enter the Installation Number </b></u></span></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white;">Enter your Installation Number (refer to Figure, “Installation Number”). This number will determine the package selection set that is available to the installer. If you choose to skip entering the installation number you will be presented with a basic selection of packages to install later on.</span></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfj9Gi6XTKu8J8VtIo5v80AwE-xlz_tCNircrQ8ngqfgFGjxE9VNrbOiv5qg7w_rp72iriBWx4R-6yAJ7aVDi0EvC7ychO2l8D9wn2e5kkzg4X2oMdkdDp03YYHtDPbU8cuqU7Uxm7e58/s1600/02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfj9Gi6XTKu8J8VtIo5v80AwE-xlz_tCNircrQ8ngqfgFGjxE9VNrbOiv5qg7w_rp72iriBWx4R-6yAJ7aVDi0EvC7ychO2l8D9wn2e5kkzg4X2oMdkdDp03YYHtDPbU8cuqU7Uxm7e58/s400/02.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<u><b>Disk Partitioning Setup</b></u><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Partitioning allows you to divide your hard drive into isolated sections, where each section behaves as</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> its own hard drive. Partitioning is particularly useful if you run multiple operating systems. If you are not</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> sure how you want your system to be partitioned, An Introduction to Disk Partitions</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> for more information.</span><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">On this screen you can choose to create the default layout or choose to manual partition using the</span><span style="color: black;"> 'Create custom layout' option of Disk Druid.</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">The first three options allow you to perform an automated installation without having to partition your</span><span style="color: black;"> drive(s) yourself. If you do not feel comfortable with partitioning your system, it is recommended that</span><span style="color: black;"> you do not choose to create a custom layout and instead let the installation program partition for you.</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">You can configure an iSCSI target for installation, or disable a dmraid device from this screen by</span><span style="color: black;"> clicking on the 'Advanced storage configuration' button.</span></div><br />
<div style="background-color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><b style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white; font-size: large;">Warning </span></b><br style="color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><b style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: white;">The Update Agent downloads updated packages to /var/cache/yum/ by default.</span></b><span style="background-color: #cc0000; color: #e06666;"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">If you partition the system manually, and create a separate /var/ partition, be sure to create the partition large enough (3.0 GB or more) to download package updates. </span> </b> </span></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR8KCBQ2NAEbKZ2B0d1iBeH3M1fIq9zeL9p-_Guu9rBmmth20BhtuvN_jBHFamCbGeRD2kG9IJghgHwjt0BcNJtCox-xJ1uypUWct4q0c7VA_e1IXLQQauuCQTxO12j3r4TcWkPCzh-Gs/s400/03.jpg" width="400" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><u><b>Create Default Layout </b></u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">Create default layout allows you to have some control concerning what data is removed (if any) from</span><span style="color: black;"> your system. Your options are:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">• <b>Remove all partitions on selected drives and create default layout</b> — select this option to</span><span style="color: black;"> remove all partitions on your hard drive(s) (this includes partitions created by other operating</span><span style="color: black;"> systems such as Windows VFAT or NTFS partitions).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: left;"><br style="color: black;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">• <b>Remove Linux partitions on selected drives and create default layout </b>— select this option to</span><span style="color: black;"> remove only Linux partitions (partitions created from a previous Linux installation). This does not</span><span style="color: black;"> remove other partitions you may have on your hard drive(s) (such as VFAT or FAT32 partitions).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: left;"><br style="color: black;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">• <b>Use free space on selected drives and create default layout</b> — select this option to retain your</span><span style="color: black;"> current data and partitions, assuming you have enough free space available on your hard drive(s).</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmylz7i2RJ8a4yLO_LWJNuDpjOly9TXvlSMuWvEuXF0uetQYPOlCriLT9iiaIbxWbYd_eTwwtY55Xr0u1AQv9DPfrVgsUgkkwRN35Y-a2W-gt8jcLYu4T6NEM0oLoPePYsnT-7B4dmzbU/s1600/06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmylz7i2RJ8a4yLO_LWJNuDpjOly9TXvlSMuWvEuXF0uetQYPOlCriLT9iiaIbxWbYd_eTwwtY55Xr0u1AQv9DPfrVgsUgkkwRN35Y-a2W-gt8jcLYu4T6NEM0oLoPePYsnT-7B4dmzbU/s400/06.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> <b><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Create default layout</span></b></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Using your mouse, choose the storage drive(s) on which you want Red Hat Enterprise Linux to be installed. If you have two or more drives, you can choose which drive(s) should contain this installation. Unselected drives, and any data on them, are not tou<span style="background-color: #6aa84f;"><span style="background-color: white;">ched</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><b><b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwmp_dqqYhPIEXb4wnIM2TZHW03FsS1DgUPLE6Z4onEMvOX3fy5pXxfqDod-1cnph8bKqyksjqw2YiMXQFTM8rkyJ5RbG9PAPcq5I69u1nJ2QhV6cXAmmB7fIHbJtqWMMoXt1qB4wBiVg/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwmp_dqqYhPIEXb4wnIM2TZHW03FsS1DgUPLE6Z4onEMvOX3fy5pXxfqDod-1cnph8bKqyksjqw2YiMXQFTM8rkyJ5RbG9PAPcq5I69u1nJ2QhV6cXAmmB7fIHbJtqWMMoXt1qB4wBiVg/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" /></b></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Note</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">If you have a RAID card, be aware that some BIOSes do not support booting from the</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> RAID card. In cases such as these, the /boot/ partition must be created on a partition</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> outside of the RAID array, such as on a separate hard drive. An internal hard drive is</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> necessary to use for partition creation with problematic RAID cards.</span></span></span></div><div style="color: #6aa84f; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> A /boot/ partition is also necessary for software RAID setups.</span></span></div><div style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">If you have chosen to automatically partition your system, you should select Review and</span><br style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">manually edit your /boot/ partition.</span></span></span><br />
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</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #6aa84f; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">To review and make any necessary changes to the partitions created by automatic partitioning, select the Review option. After selecting Review and clicking Next to move forward, the partitions created for you in Disk Druid appear. You can make modifications to these partitions if they do not meet your needs.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Click Next once you have made your selections to proceed.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><u><b>Partitioning Your System</b></u></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">If you chose one of the three automatic partitioning options and did not select Review, skip ahead to “Network Configuration”.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">If you chose one of the automatic partitioning options and selected Review, you can either accept the current partition settings (click Next), or modify the setup using Disk Druid, the manual partitioning<br />
tool.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">If you chose to create a custom layout, you must tell the installation program where to install Red Hat Enterprise Linux.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> This is done by defining mount points for one or more disk partitions in which Red<br />
Hat Enterprise Linux is installed. </span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You may also need to create and/or delete partitions at this time.</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglNwU9AJSuJzMFfjULneGT8CEkkF-mKuS7RS6lCo5ecGoOTxOS7JfMe-wl3w74_hXK_G-hjsBdbd255p3RpZJZ_PhdDLIDwCv8LQk6sN-Cb0ndYq52xJzsKZC1sXGCbzs7BQWGJ1w2uGk/s1600/078.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglNwU9AJSuJzMFfjULneGT8CEkkF-mKuS7RS6lCo5ecGoOTxOS7JfMe-wl3w74_hXK_G-hjsBdbd255p3RpZJZ_PhdDLIDwCv8LQk6sN-Cb0ndYq52xJzsKZC1sXGCbzs7BQWGJ1w2uGk/s400/078.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="left" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Adding Partitions</span></u></b></div><div align="left" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">To add a new partition, select the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">New </span></b><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">button. A dialog box appears</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span> <br />
<div align="left"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu7BEwtZCnOI9lUr2URJtLu_UJjsTs24d9IMU9Bq4q3FBNLCfsGhbZF5VrPCMD3WRVsPbRgE099QNA6YZFT28ZCDP2cOj4uVhb7zm9M6_8WIapvGABVL3mtjMuceZoKY9c7sX6UwTXGUs/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu7BEwtZCnOI9lUr2URJtLu_UJjsTs24d9IMU9Bq4q3FBNLCfsGhbZF5VrPCMD3WRVsPbRgE099QNA6YZFT28ZCDP2cOj4uVhb7zm9M6_8WIapvGABVL3mtjMuceZoKY9c7sX6UwTXGUs/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: large;">Note</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">You must dedicate at least one partition for this installation, and optionally more. For more<i><span style="font-size: small;">An Introduction to Disk Partitions</span></i></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVvBnunVTKEO7Q9soWMe0AGrFoGq0AiNeQJLLLrOHqSoPLle_KFE_DNf5sx665ESFL4cAOLmHB1Z2e0gQqjRoTz5wvRtc_oOo544k1Rhl_ddJsNK-oxsUgLaxQFxIAiCkThExp1CZkqfM/s400/096.jpg" width="400" /><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia;"> Creating a New Partition</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">• </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Mount Point</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">: Enter the partition's mount point. For example, if this partition should be the root </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">partition, enter </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationMono-Bold;">/</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">; enter </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationMono-Bold;">/boot </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">for the </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationMono-Bold;">/boot </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">partition, and so on. You can also use the pull-down </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">menu to choose the correct mount point for your partition. For a swap partition the mount point </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">should not be set - setting the filesystem type to swap is sufficient.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">• </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">File System Type</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">: Using the pull-down menu, select the appropriate file system type for this </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">partition.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">• </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Allowable Drives</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">: This field contains a list of the hard disks installed on your system. If a hard </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">disk's box is highlighted, then a desired partition can be created on that hard disk. If the box is </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Italic;">not </span></i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">checked, then the partition will </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Italic;">never </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">be created on that hard disk. By using different checkbox </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">settings, you can have </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Disk Druid </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">place partitions where you need them, or let </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Disk Druid </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">decide </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">where partitions should go.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">• </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Size (MB)</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">: Enter the size (in megabytes) of the partition. Note, this field starts with 100 MB; unless </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">changed, only a 100 MB partition will be created.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">• </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Additional Size Options</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">: Choose whether to keep this partition at a fixed size, to allow it to </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">"grow" (fill up the available hard drive space) to a certain point, or to allow it to grow to fill any </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">remaining hard drive space available.</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"></span> </span></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><div align="left" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">option. This allows you to keep a certain amount of space free on your hard drive for future use.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">• </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Force to be a primary partition</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">: Select whether the partition you are creating should be one of</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">the first four partitions on the hard drive. If unselected, the partition is created as a logical partition.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">• </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Encrypt</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">: Choose whether to encrypt the partition so that the data stored on it cannot be accessed</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">without a passphrase, even if the storage device is connected to another system. If you select</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">this option, the installer prompts you to provide a passphrase before it writes the partition to the disk.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">• </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">OK</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">: Select </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">OK </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">once you are satisfied with the settings and wish to create the partition.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">• </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Cancel</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">: Select </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;">Cancel </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: LiberationSans;">if you do not want to create the partition.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><u><span style="font-size: large;">Editing Partitions</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">To edit a partition, select the Edit <span style="font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans;">button or double-click on the existing partition.</span></span></span></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">To edit a partition, select the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Edit </span></b><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">button or double-click on the existing partition.</span></span></span></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwmp_dqqYhPIEXb4wnIM2TZHW03FsS1DgUPLE6Z4onEMvOX3fy5pXxfqDod-1cnph8bKqyksjqw2YiMXQFTM8rkyJ5RbG9PAPcq5I69u1nJ2QhV6cXAmmB7fIHbJtqWMMoXt1qB4wBiVg/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" ex="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwmp_dqqYhPIEXb4wnIM2TZHW03FsS1DgUPLE6Z4onEMvOX3fy5pXxfqDod-1cnph8bKqyksjqw2YiMXQFTM8rkyJ5RbG9PAPcq5I69u1nJ2QhV6cXAmmB7fIHbJtqWMMoXt1qB4wBiVg/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" /></b></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: large;">Note</span></div></span></span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">If the partition already exists on your disk, you can only change the partition's mount point.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">To make any other changes, you must delete the partition and recreate it.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><br />
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</b></div><span style="color: #a80000; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #a80000; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: large;"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><u>Deleting a Partition</u></div></span></span></span><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">To delete a partition, highlight it in the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">deletion when prompted.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><br />
</b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #a80000; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #a80000; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #a80000; font-family: LiberationSans-Bold; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><u>Boot Loader Configuration</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><br />
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<div align="left"><b></b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">To boot the system without boot media, you usually need to install a boot loader. A boot loader is the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">control to the operating system kernel software. The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">system.</span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader), which is installed by default, is a very powerful boot loader. GRUB </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">can load a variety of free operating systems, as well as proprietary operating systems with chainloading </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">(the mechanism for loading unsupported operating systems, such as DOS or Windows, by </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">loading another boot loader).</span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsDuiFbqHa43sDxSI73GU8K5uvZBlpHOOGjAyPPdrXhnJjTLx1_62Auax_L-FvuMixGkjM1e8YUIBmmd7xNDJz__Px0aVzhlyd_8NcentUZhIMvZQuJalq1D9Y4MQ6LIazBx0eNk96MK8/s1600/000000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ex="true" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsDuiFbqHa43sDxSI73GU8K5uvZBlpHOOGjAyPPdrXhnJjTLx1_62Auax_L-FvuMixGkjM1e8YUIBmmd7xNDJz__Px0aVzhlyd_8NcentUZhIMvZQuJalq1D9Y4MQ6LIazBx0eNk96MK8/s400/000000.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <span style="color: #a80000; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #a80000;"><span style="color: #a80000;">Boot Loader Configuration</span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><div align="left">If you do not want to install GRUB as your boot loader <b>skip this process</b>, click If you already have a boot loader that can boot Red Hat Enterprise Linux and do not want to overwrite your current boot loader, choose <b>Do not install a boot loader </b>by clicking on the <b>Change boot loader </b>button.</div></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><div align="left">Every bootable partition is listed, including partitions used by other operating systems. The partition holding the system's root file system has a </div><div align="left">Other partitions may also have boot labels. To add or change the boot label for other partitions that have been detected by the installation program, click once on the partition to select it. Once selected, you can change the boot label by clicking the </div><div align="left">Select move forward in the installation unless you choose a default boot image.</div><b>Label of <b>Red Hat Enterprise Linux (for GRUB).<b>Edit button.<b>Default beside the preferred boot partition to choose your default bootable OS. You cannot</b></b></b></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Change boot loader</b></span><span style="font-size: small;">, where you can </span><span style="font-size: small;">choose not to install a boot loader at all.</span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<b><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: small;"><u>Network Configuration</u></span></b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">If you do not have a network device, this screen does not appear during your installation and you</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> should advance to “Time Zone Configuration”.</span><br />
</span></div></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><br />
</span></span><span style="font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6jvtxCWseuuq7cKJ5Y5AZ_8VWWnxDeOmEEg6dWStsZVdM6-LlRTkdi3m7_qJoS0ye5Z0XEBo1Uv9npNYdqPDQChMnq46Au6WmyH2NRcXTP8vUa06XMXaYivbseATS6mEaSiD_XybTVNo/s1600/111111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6jvtxCWseuuq7cKJ5Y5AZ_8VWWnxDeOmEEg6dWStsZVdM6-LlRTkdi3m7_qJoS0ye5Z0XEBo1Uv9npNYdqPDQChMnq46Au6WmyH2NRcXTP8vUa06XMXaYivbseATS6mEaSiD_XybTVNo/s400/111111.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #e06666;"> Network Configuration</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The installation program automatically detects any network devices you have and displays them in the <b>Network Devices</b> list. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>Time Zone Configuration</b></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Set your time zone by selecting the city closest to your computer's physical location. Click on the map<br />
to zoom in to a particular geographical region of the world.<br />
From here there are two ways for you to select your time zone:<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">• Using your mouse, click on the interactive map to select a specific city (represented by a yellow dot).<br />
A red X appears indicating your selection.<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">• You can also scroll through the list at the bottom of the screen to select your time zone. Using your</span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">mouse, click on a location to highlight your selection.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-R2oBtVLF9dc3qDJCaB_boXtgH_N67mncL-6fbdPbAQviK9i2aVXmWAP55hJkNdpGPpHvyYhm1s-vJvqCR4wtLHZhQRu6FaXG0mhV9fHeHxAlgEQCoXWQ_SvX8iqsmgEIr_0hB0KmWg/s1600/22222222.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-R2oBtVLF9dc3qDJCaB_boXtgH_N67mncL-6fbdPbAQviK9i2aVXmWAP55hJkNdpGPpHvyYhm1s-vJvqCR4wtLHZhQRu6FaXG0mhV9fHeHxAlgEQCoXWQ_SvX8iqsmgEIr_0hB0KmWg/s400/22222222.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span> <span style="color: #e06666;"> Configuring the Time Zone</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #e06666;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;"><u>Set Root Password</u></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #e06666;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Setting up a root account and password is one of the most important steps during your installation.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Your root account is similar to the administrator account used on Windows NT machines. The root</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> account is used to install packages, upgrade RPMs, and perform most system maintenance. Logging</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> in as root gives you complete control over your system.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwObc-dw-1iRCTItt3gqie2wQ397rqSTr2_tqmSQdnAcn00-y0g3Pt9bZ4ir8jNk8bjt9MJKD310RQnI6jZZhzSlPXP6mO3mNlX-AH_LvJH-bayqvG4AK7yIKWwBg-KNQNYEQ7DWXzdQs/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwObc-dw-1iRCTItt3gqie2wQ397rqSTr2_tqmSQdnAcn00-y0g3Pt9bZ4ir8jNk8bjt9MJKD310RQnI6jZZhzSlPXP6mO3mNlX-AH_LvJH-bayqvG4AK7yIKWwBg-KNQNYEQ7DWXzdQs/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Note</span><br />
The root user (also known as the superuser) has complete access to the entire system; for this reason, logging in as the root user is best done only to perform system maintenance or administration. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9i3G1xj8-10u_RO2Jp2Nh8G5rS5Uhrv2hI0vhI572Pu-F8IwaNDfkt3422M2BenX4IfFOh7zJseZdm5iEvJHT1lQ8cTIoYMBkJF6vvS28t4fX1_WesU1UtSb3pyuOmmiwHTzmftq39M0/s1600/458.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9i3G1xj8-10u_RO2Jp2Nh8G5rS5Uhrv2hI0vhI572Pu-F8IwaNDfkt3422M2BenX4IfFOh7zJseZdm5iEvJHT1lQ8cTIoYMBkJF6vvS28t4fX1_WesU1UtSb3pyuOmmiwHTzmftq39M0/s400/458.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="color: #e06666;">Root Password</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> The installation program prompts you to set a root password2 for your system. You cannot proceed to the next stage of the installation process without entering a root password.<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The root password must be at least six characters long; the password you type is not echoed to the screen. You must enter the password twice; if the two passwords do not match, the installation program asks you to enter them again.<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You should make the root password something you can remember, but not something that is easy for someone else to guess. Your name, your phone number, qwerty, password, root, 123456, and anteater are all examples of bad passwords. Good passwords mix numerals with upper and lower case letters and do not contain dictionary words: Aard387vark or 420BMttNT, for example. Remember that the password is case-sensitive. If you write down your password, keep it in a secure place.<br />
However, it is recommended that you do not write down this or any password you create.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwObc-dw-1iRCTItt3gqie2wQ397rqSTr2_tqmSQdnAcn00-y0g3Pt9bZ4ir8jNk8bjt9MJKD310RQnI6jZZhzSlPXP6mO3mNlX-AH_LvJH-bayqvG4AK7yIKWwBg-KNQNYEQ7DWXzdQs/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwObc-dw-1iRCTItt3gqie2wQ397rqSTr2_tqmSQdnAcn00-y0g3Pt9bZ4ir8jNk8bjt9MJKD310RQnI6jZZhzSlPXP6mO3mNlX-AH_LvJH-bayqvG4AK7yIKWwBg-KNQNYEQ7DWXzdQs/s1600/GeekNotesIcon.png" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Note</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A root password is the administrative password for your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system. You should only log in as root when needed for system maintenance. The root account does not operate within the restrictions placed on normal user accounts, so changes made as root can have implications for your entire system. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Do not use one of the example passwords offered in this manual. Using one of thesepasswords could be considered a security risk. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="font-size: large;">Package Group Selection</span></u><br />
<span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">Now that you have made most of the choices for your installation, you are ready to confirm the default</span><span style="color: black;"> package selection or customize packages for your system.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;">The <b>Package Installation Defaults</b> screen appears and details the default package set for your Red</span><span style="color: black;"> Hat Enterprise Linux installation. This screen varies depending on the version of Red Hat Enterprise</span><span style="color: black;"> Linux you are installing.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;">If you choose to accept the current package list, skip ahead to “Preparing to Install”.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;">To customize your package set further, select the <u>Customize now</u> option on the screen. Clicking <b>Next</b></span><span style="color: black;"> takes you to the <b>Package Group Selection</b> screen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"> </span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;">You can select package groups, which group components together according to function (for example,</span><span style="color: black;"> <b>X Window System</b> and Editors), individual packages, or a combination of the two.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><b>To select a component, click on the checkbox beside it</b> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikUbTcIF0RRbz6mx14p2Dr_QYRQBzQ1e-OVGeHIxSHUYg5BMU-T_7lEaDSTR2EGCDRKsP7JDwe-eXKng_7tFCY3UW5_MRPYGueTYTEaWUW_q1hZ_HkHZoMQKkl_DFEco1-C22kNYOrk_k/s1600/1336565.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikUbTcIF0RRbz6mx14p2Dr_QYRQBzQ1e-OVGeHIxSHUYg5BMU-T_7lEaDSTR2EGCDRKsP7JDwe-eXKng_7tFCY3UW5_MRPYGueTYTEaWUW_q1hZ_HkHZoMQKkl_DFEco1-C22kNYOrk_k/s400/1336565.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"> <span style="color: #e06666;"> Package Group Selection</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Select each component you wish to install.<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Once a package group has been selected, if optional components are available you can click on<br />
<b>Optional packages</b> to view which packages are installed by default, and to add or remove optional packages from that group. If there are no optional components this button will be disabled. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3sH0duu7ZDUOJpJIndbWvMjtplljW3D9iC-8r12vASrq2UB9Avd9IvGchQ6lCKI3zzV-yeKx1oic-KPw7Y71RNzI0ZMpKQ5mGouZsLgm_QYr24Cu1gOXkTGqDO_QQ-6g4uqLeneNpe9A/s1600/package.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3sH0duu7ZDUOJpJIndbWvMjtplljW3D9iC-8r12vASrq2UB9Avd9IvGchQ6lCKI3zzV-yeKx1oic-KPw7Y71RNzI0ZMpKQ5mGouZsLgm_QYr24Cu1gOXkTGqDO_QQ-6g4uqLeneNpe9A/s400/package.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="color: #e06666;">Package Group Details</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;">Prepare to Install</span></u><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">A screen preparing you for the installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux now appears.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
For your reference, a complete log of your installation can be found in /root/install.log once<br />
you reboot your system. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;"><u>Installing Packages</u></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;">At this point there is nothing left for you to do until all the packages have been installed. How quickly</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> this happens depends on the number of packages you have selected and your computer's speed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;"><u>Installation Complete</u></span><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Congratulations! Your Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation is now complete!</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
The installation program prompts you to prepare your system for reboot. Remember to remove any installation media if it is not ejected automatically upon reboot.<br />
After your computer's normal power-up sequence has completed, the graphical boot loader prompt appears at which you can do any of the following things:<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Press Enter — causes the default boot entry to be booted.<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Select a boot label, followed by Enter — causes the boot loader to boot the operating system<br />
corresponding to the boot label.<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Do nothing — after the boot loader's timeout period, (by default, five seconds) the boot loader automatically boots the default boot entry.<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Do whatever is appropriate to boot Red Hat Enterprise Linux. One or more screens of messages should scroll by. Eventually, a login: prompt or a GUI login screen (if you installed the X Window System and chose to start X automatically) appears.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
The first time you start your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system in run level 5 (the graphical run level), the Setup Agent is presented, which guides you through the Red Hat Enterprise Linux configuration.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Using this tool, you can set your system time and date, install software, register your machine with Red Hat Network, and more. The Setup Agent lets you configure your environment at the beginning, so that you can get started using your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system quickly.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LiberationSans; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans-Bold;"><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
<span style="color: black;">For information on registering your Red Hat Enterprise Linux subscription, Activate Your Subscription.</span> </span><br />
</span></span><span style="font-family: LiberationSans;"><span style="font-family: LiberationSans;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><br />
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